Which two ad hoc international tribunals were established under the UN Charter to address specific conflicts?

• A. ICTY and ICTR
• B. ICC and ICJ
• C. ICTY and ICC
• D. ICJ and ECtHR

Answer: (A)

These tribunals were created by the UN Security Council under the UN Charter to handle crimes arising from a specific conflict, making them temporary, focused justice mechanisms rather than permanent bodies. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established in 1993 to prosecute war crimes and crimes against humanity from the Yugoslav wars, while the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was set up in 1994 to address the genocide and related crimes in Rwanda. They are ad hoc because each was created for a particular situation and later wound down, rather than becoming ongoing institutions. By contrast, the International Criminal Court is a permanent body created by treaty (not the UN Charter), the International Court of Justice is the UN’s main judicial organ for interstate disputes, and the European Court of Human Rights operates under a regional treaty system, not under the UN Charter.