Which is an example of a partial defence to murder in some jurisdictions?

• A. Complete defence
• B. Provocation
• C. Self-defence
• D. Duress

Answer: (B)

The idea being tested is how certain circumstances can reduce a murder charge to a lesser offence rather than ending the case entirely. Provocation is a classic example of a partial defence. When someone is provoked into a sudden, heat-of-passion reaction, the law recognises that their level of culpability is diminished, so the charge can be reduced from murder to manslaughter in jurisdictions that still recognise this defence. It acknowledges the impact of loss of self-control on the offender’s intent and blameworthiness.

By contrast, a complete defence would fully excuse the defendant, which isn’t what a partial defence does. Self-defence is typically treated as a complete defence if it was necessary and proportionate to defend against an imminent threat, and duress usually operates as a complete defence in many places for serious crimes, including murder, rather than a partial one. That’s why provocation fits the description best here.