The ICTY and ICTR were established as ad hoc international tribunals under which framework?

• A. UN Charter
• B. Rome Statute
• C. Maastricht Treaty
• D. European Convention

Answer: (A)

These tribunals were created under the UN Charter, with the UN Security Council using its Chapter VII powers to address threats to international peace. In the 1990s, the Council passed resolutions to establish ad hoc tribunals—the ICTY for the former Yugoslavia and the ICTR for Rwanda—to prosecute individuals for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. This framework relies on the UN system, not on a permanent court. The Rome Statute later set up the International Criminal Court in 1998, which is a separate, permanent institution and not the basis for these ad hoc bodies. The Maastricht Treaty and the European Convention relate to European Union structures and European human rights protection, not to creating international criminal tribunals.