International instruments in world order.

• A. Treaties, conventions, and agreements.
• B. Short-term memos.
• C. Domestic laws.
• D. Silent diplomacy.

Answer: (A)

International instruments in world order are formal tools that establish and regulate commitments between states. Treaties, conventions, and agreements fit this role because they are negotiated by states, require consent (signature and ratification), and, once in force, create binding obligations on the parties. They can cover a wide range of issues—peace and security, trade, human rights, environment—and they often include dispute‑settlement mechanisms to enforce compliance, shaping how states interact and cooperate.

Short-term memos are internal communications that do not bind other states and do not carry international legal force. Domestic laws govern only a country’s internal affairs and do not regulate relations between states, so they are not international instruments. Silent diplomacy refers to informal, behind‑the‑scenes efforts rather than formal legal instruments; while such diplomacy can influence outcomes, it does not by itself establish binding rules in world order.